IP
Addressing
IP ADDRESSING SCHEMA
In
a network every computer having a unique address called IP address which is use
to communicate the computer with another computer in the network. Every
computer must have IP address. So it very important to understand the concept
of IP Addressing Scheme.
An IP address is a 4 octet i.e. 8*4
=32 bits address. Each octet is separated by the dot.
Format of IP address is
0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255
An IP address having two parts. Host
ID and Network ID.
192.168.0.1
Here 192.168.0. Is the network ID
and 1 is the Host ID
Network ID
This part specifies the unique number assigned to your particular network. It it also the part that identifies the class of network assigned.
Host ID
This is the part of the IP address that you assign to each host, and uniquely identifies each host on your network. Note that for each host on your network, the network part of the address will be the same, but the host part must be different.
IP address having classes
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Class A address
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Class B address
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Class C address
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Class D address
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Class E address
Class A address scheme
In class A first 8 bits are network
address while the remaining 24 bits are host address.
Range of class A is from 0.0.0.0. To
127.255.255.255.
Network address 0 is reserved to
designate the default route for the packets and the network address 127 is reserve
for the diagnostic to check out the local loop address.
This mean that there are 126
networks are available.
e.g. 86.18.2.4 is a IP of class A
with network address 86 and host address is 18.2.4
86.0.0.0. is the network address.
86.255.255.255 is the broadcasting
address of a network having network address is 86.
Class B Address Scheme
The first 16 bits are the network ID
& remaining 16 bits are the host ID.
The range of the class B address
scheme is 128.0.0.0.to 191.255.255.255
142.3.92.19 is an IP that belong to
the class B address.
142.3 is the network IP and 92.19 is
the Host ID
142.3.0.0. Is the network address
142.3.255.255 is the broadcasting
address.
Class C Address Scheme
In the class C 24 bits are the
network ID bits and 8 bits are the host ID bits.
The range of the class C address is
192.0.0.0. to 223.255.255.255
192.168.0.10 is the IP of class C.
here 192.168.0 is the network ID and 10 is the Host ID
192.168.0.0 is the network
address
192.168.0.255 is the
broadcasting address.
Class D Address Scheme
The address of this class is used
for multicasting. This class does not have any netid and hostid
The IP range for D class address is
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class e address scheme
The address of the E class is
reserved for the internet society
The range for the E class is
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
Point to remember
For class A there is only one
private network having netid 10.0.0.
For class B there are 16 private
network allowed. Netid for these private networks are from
172.16 to 172.31
For class C there are 256 private
network allowed. Netid ranges for these networks are
192.168.0. to 192.168.255
How to convert the decimal IP
address to Binary Address?
How to convert 192.168.0.10 to
binary number
128
64 32
16 8
4 2 1
Firstly we will convert 192 to
binary value. Add the value to make 192 and mark them as 1
128+64=192
So for 192 binary value is 11000000
Other bits are mark as 0
Now 168 =128+32+16+2=10110001
For 0=00000000
For 10 = 8+2=00001010
Now 192.168.0.10 is
11000000.10110001.00000000.00001010
Why we not consider 127 in any range
of IP address?
We don’t consider 127 in any IP
range because it is reserved as the loop back address. To check the system
whether it’s ready for networking or not we use it.
The 127.0.0.1 is known as loop back
address. It also allows information technology professionals to test IP
software without worrying about broken or corrupted drivers or hardware.
Once you are at a command prompt,
enter the following:
Ping 127.0.0.1
If the command is successful, the
Ping utility will return results similar to the following. The exact
information returned will vary depending on your operating system:
This indicates that the network card
and drivers are functioning properly. If the Ping utility is not able to get a
return on the network card, this may indicate either a driver problem, or a
physical problem with the card.
Private addresses in each
class networks
v
in class A the private address are
o
10.0.0.0. to 10.255.255.255
v
In class B the private address are
o
172.16.0.0. to 172.31.0.0. (16 to 31 networks )
v
In class C the private address are
o
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 (256 networks)
MAC address
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MAC address stand for the Media Access Control.
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Its 48 bits address
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It’s a hexadecimal address
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Its known as the hardware or physical address
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ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to convert the IP address to MAC
address.
POINT TO REMEMBER
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When all the host ID portion bits of an IP address are 0, it is a network
address.
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When all the host ID portion bits of an IP address are 1, then it is a broadcast
address.
o
10.255.255.255 ( 10.11111111.11111111.11111111)
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When all the net ID portion bits of an IP address are 0, then it is a host
address.
o
10.0.0.1 IP address
o
0.0.0.1 host address
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When all the net ID bits are 1 it’s represent all the networks.
o
255.0.0.0
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When all the net ID bits and host ID bits are 1, its represents global
broadcast. Means all networks all hosts.
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When all the net ID and host ID bits are 0 , then it is used for default
routing
o
0.0.0.0.
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127.0.0.1
o It is
loop back address used for self testing. If ping to this address is successful
its means the TCP/IP protocol stack is ok. If there is no reply the TCP/IP
suite is corrupt it means you have to reinstall the O.S. it does not depends
upon the presence of the LAN cards. i.e. if there is no any LAN card present in
the computer even then it will reply because it only check the software for the
networking ( its means that TCP/ IP suite)
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Valid hosts
o Class
A
255.0.0.0
224-2
o Class
B
255.255.0.0
216-2
o Class
C
255.255.255.0
28 -2
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